Indice Gramatica - Grammar Index
Indice General
Indice Vocabulario
1 Los Pronombres - Subject Pronouns
Yo soy un profesor. I am a teacher.
Tú eres un estudiante. You are a student.
Él es inteligente. He is intelligent/smart.
Ella es inteligente. She is intelligent/smart.
Nosotros somos antipáticos. We are not agreeable/unlikable.
Nosotras somos antipáticas. We (woman) are not agreeable/unlikable.
Ellos son maestros. They are teachers.
Ellas son maestras. They (woman) are teachers.
Usted is the formal "you" form. Using it shows respect and social distance.
Generally it is used when addressing older individuals and people of authority
like your teachers, boss or parents.
Usted es el profesor Lopez, verdad? You are professor Lopez, right?
Ustedes is the plural form of "you"
Ustedes son los dueños. You (all) are the owners.
Ustedes son ricos. You (all)(women) are rich people.
Ustedes son los cantantes. You (all) are the singers.
The other way to use it It is “TU” When addressing friends or people you already know
and you don’t have to keep a distance.
Este es tu libro This is your book
Tu eres mi hermano You are my brother
Because the form of the verb does a good job of indicating the subject, the subject is optional.
The verb form changes whenever the subject changes. The form of the verb, known as the conjugation,
indicates the subject as well as the tense.
Soy el policia. I'm the police.
Eres fuerte. You are strong.
Conjugations are formed simply by changing the verb ending. When this happens, the verb is regular.
Many verbs, when having drastic changes are known as irregular verbs.
Regular verbs are divided into: AR, ER, IR ending.
Caminar Walk
Cantar Sing
Brincar Jump
Comer Eat
Leer Read
Mover Move
Dormir Sleep
Herir Hurt
Elegir Choose
Adjectives usually come in masculine and feminine flavors. Masculine adjectives end in -o
and feminine adjectives in -a. Adjectives ending in e are invariable.
Hay 2 formas del verbo TO BE (Ser y Estar) en español
Estar is used to describe the current state of something- how it is at that moment.
Ser is used to describe the nature and characteristics of something.
La caña es dulce.
The cane sugar is sweet
El sotano está oscuro. Las luces no funcionan. The basement is dark. The lights aren't working.
Fernando es alegre.
Fernando is a happy guy.
Fernando está alegre.
Fernando looks happy.
La manzana es roja.
The apple is red.
El vino es rojo.
The wine is red
Sonia es alcoholica. Ella toma mucha cerveza.Sonia is alcoholic. She drinks a lot of beers.
Sonia está triste. Sonia is sad (now).
Daniela es alegre.
Daniela is a happy person.
Arturo está alegre.
Arturo is happy (now).
Estar is also used to when describing location. Tambien se usa al describer locaciones
Tus amigos están aqui.
Your friends are here.
La teacher está allá.
The teacher is there.
Ser y Estar son verbos irregulars Ser and Estar are irregular verbs
Yo
soy
Tu
eres
él / ella
es
Nosotros / nosotras
somos
Ustedes
son
Ellos / ellas
son
Yo
estoy
Tu
estás
él / ella
está
Nosotros / nosotras
estamos
Ustedes
están
ellos / ellas
están
Vosotros is used in Spain meaning ustedes (sois or estais)
The infinitive (el infinitivo) it is employed whenever the tense or the person of the subject need
not be indicated. This is the case when verbs are strung together. The first verb marks the tense
and person. The infinitive is used for the second.
Yo quiero ser apasionado
I want to be passionate
Él sabe cocinar comida china.
He knows to cook chinese food.
Tu debes ir más tarde.
You should go later.
Ella puede cantar muy bien.
She can sing very well.
Nosotros debemos ayudar a mas personas.
We must help more people.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario
3 Demonstratives - Demonstrativos
Demonstrative adjectives - Adjetivos demostrativos:
Masculine:
este mar
this sea
ese pantalon
that pant
Feminine:
esta botella
this bottle
esa silla
that chair
Masculine Plural:
estos niños
these children
esos juguetes
those toys
Feminine Plural:
estas radios
these radios
esas camas
Those beds
Those same words when appearing by themselves serve as pronouns (pronombres demostrativos )
Este hombre es alto.
This man is tall.
Este salon es grande.
This classroom is big.
Esas bolsas son pequeñas.
Those bags are small
Esas son pequeñas
Those are small
All of the above demonstrative pronouns take on the gender of the nouns they represent.
When the name of an object is unkown and hence it's gender too, esto is used.
Qué es esto?
What is this?
Esto is also used to represent the indefinite- that which doesn't have gender like ideas or events.
-Mary ganó el premio.
-Mary won the prize.
Tener Expressions - Expresiones con el verbo tenertener .
Estoy seguro que usted va a tener ganancias.
I am sure you'll have profits.
Tengo hambre.
I'm hungry.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
4 Los Adjetivos - Adjectives
Adjectives come in masculine and feminine form normally and reflect the gender of the noun
they describe. Normally masculine adjectives end in an -o and feminine adjectives end in an -a
un auto feo
an ugly car
una bruja fea
an ungly witch
Some adjectives are invariable. These end in an e or consonant. They are the same regardless
of whether they describe a masculine or feminine noun.
Un salon grande
a large room
una mesa grande
a large table
un examen dificil
difficult test
una pregunta facil
An easy question
Si el sustantivo esta en plural entonces el adjetivo tambien es plural, y se agrega una s al final.
If a noun is plural then the adjective is also plural- an s is added to the end.
juguetes bonitos
beautiful toys
libros bonitos
beautiful books
If the adjectives ends in a consonant, an es is added to the end to make that adjective plural.
temas especiales
Special topics
Tema is one of the few nouns that is masculine despite ending in a
Otros adjetivos, Here are some more adjectives:
largo
long
limpio
clean
corto
short
sucio
dirty
la temperatura
temperature
mojado
wet
abierto
open
caliente
hot
frío
cold
seco
dry
cerrado
closed
lleno
full
vacío
empty
el tamaño
size
gigante
gigantic
enorme
huge
grande
large
pequeño
soft
pequeñito
tiny
A los sustantivos se les agrega la terminacion ito para hacerlos diminutivos
The -ito ending is a diminituve. It can be added to nouns to minitiarize them.
el arbol
The tree
el abolito
little tree
la naranja
orange
la naranjita
little orange
It can also be added to names to make them sound cute for example: Juan Juanito
la velocidad
speed
la fuerza
strength
Rápido (a)
fast
fuerte
strong
despacio (a) / lento (a)
slow
débil
weak
la dureza
hardness
la dificultad
difficulty
Duro (a)
hard
difícil
difficult
Suave
soft
fácil
easy
el peso (a)
weight
el espesor
thickness
Pesado (a)
heavy
Espeso (a)
thick
Ligero (a)
light
Fino (a)
thin
la altura
height
la anchura
width
Alto (a)
tall / high
Ancho (a)
wide
Bajo (a)
short / low
Estrecho (a)
narrow
la edad
age
joven
young
Extraño (a)
strange
Viejo (a)
old
Normal
normal
Peso
Weight
Gordo (a)
fat
Lindo (a)
pretty
Delgado (a)
thin
Feo (a)
ugly
Loco (a)
crazy
Bonito (a)
pretty
valiente
brave
Guapo (a)
handsome,
goodlooking
la complejidad
complexity
Complicado (a)
complex
Rico (a)
rich
Simple
simple
Pobre
poor
Honesto (a)
honest
Famoso (a)
famous
Fiel
loyal
la salud
health
Enfermo (a)
sick
Sano (a)
healthy
Simpatico (a) / agradable
nice / likable
alegre / feliz
happy
Antipático (a)
not nice / unlikable
Content (a)
content
Enojado (a)
angry
Triste
Sad
Furioso (a)
furious
Estúpido (a)
stupid
Exigent
demanding
Inteligente
intelligent
Cariñoso (a)
affectionate
Listo (a)
smart
Adjectives normally trail the noun. This isn't the case for ordinal numbers:
Es la primera vez. Is the first time.
Es la segunda vez Is the second time.
Es la tercera…
Es la cuarta…
Es la quinta…
Es la sexta…
Es la septima…
Es la octava…
Es la novena…
Es la decimal vez
Indefinite adjectives:
Muchas Jovenes hablan chinese.
Many young people speak Chinese
Pocos hombres trabajan como choferes.
Few men work as car drivers
Hay algún libro para mi?
Is there a book for me?
Ninguna persona trabajo hoy
No person worked today
No hay otro cantante como tu.
There is no other singer like you.
Indefinite pronouns.
Quieres comer algo?
Would you like to eat something?
Alquien quiere trabajar esta tarde?
Does someone want to work this evening?
Nadie conoce a este señor.
No one knows this man.
Todo el mundo me ama.
Everybody loves me.
Algunos están sobre la mesa.
Some are on the table.
Ninguna es tan generosa.
No one is so generous.
No hay otro como él.
There isn't another one like him.
Adjetivos que se escriben ya sea enfrente o atras de un adjetivo:
Este es un buen maestro.
This is good teacher.
La manzana es dulce.
The apple is sweet
Ella es una mala infuencia para ti.
She is a bad influence for you.
5 La Posesion - Possession
Mi, tu and su are used when the noun is singular. Mis, tus and sus are used when the noun is plural.
mi reloj
My watch
Mis lentes
My glasses
Tu sonrisa
Your smile
Tus canicas
Your marbles
Su and sus se usan cuando nos referimos a: el, ella, ellos, ellas, usted or ustedes .
Su pantalon
her/his/their/your pant
sus lamparas
her/his/their/your (formal) lamps
Para tener singular y plural, nuestro tiene forma masculina y femenina y se puede observar
el genero del sustantivo.
nuestro hogar
our home
nuestros padres
our parents
nuestra manera
our way
nuestras propiedades
our properties
6 Los Pronombres Objetivos - Object Pronouns
Pronombres: me, te, lo, los, la, las, nos.
El cura celebra un evento
the priest celebrates an event
Los Pronombres Directos
Direct Object Pronouns
The direct object pronouns are placed in front of the verb.
Él me quiere.
He likes me.
Yo te quiero.
I like you.
Tu lo quieres
You like him
Yo lo quiero
I like him/it.
Nosotros lo queremos.
We like him/it.
Ellos la quieren.
They like her/it.
Tú nos quieres.
You like us.
Ellos los quieren.
They like them
Cuando la accion es directa hacia o a un objeto, ese objeto es un objeto indirecto:
Los Pronombres Indirectos
Indirect Object Pronouns
Él me canta.
He sings to me.
Ella te canta.
She sings to you.
Yo le canto.
I sings to him/her.
Ellos nos cantan.
They sing to us.
Yo les canto.
I sing to them.
Indirect pronouns are used to express likes and dislikes in Spanish.
Me gusta corer en la calle.
I like to run in the street.
Le gusta hablar por telefono.
He/she likes to talk by phone.
Nos gustan los viajes.
We like the trips.
Tú me entiendes.
You understand me
No me gustan los perros. Necesitan mucha atencion!I don't like dogs. They need too much attention!
Caer is un verbo muy comun en español y significa‘to fall’. However it is used to express the like and
dislike of people. Using gustar in regards to people denotes physical attraction.
Mary me cae bien.
I like Mary (Mary falls on me well. )
Daniel le cae mal.
He/She doesn't like Daniel.
In order to make clear who it is that is pleased, fasinated enchanted, etc.,
place their name at the beginning with the preposition a .
A Marcos le gusta bailar.
Marcos likes to dance
A ese hombre le gusta trabajar duro.
That man likes to work hard.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
7 Los Adverbios - Adverbs
Spanish adverbs are usually formed by adding -mente to the end of feminine adjectives.
Triste
Tristemente
Sadly
Obvio
obviamente
obviously
frecuente
frecuentemente
frequently
fácil
fácilmente
easily
Algun dia podras manejar perfectamente.some day you will drive perfectly.
Tu caminas lentamente.
You walk slowly
When muy is thrown in the mix, -mente is not added.
El camina muy rápido.
he walks very quick.
No todos los adverbios terminan en mente - Not all adverbs in end -mente .
bien
well
mucho
much
mal
badly
poco
little
bastante
enough
Tu bailas muy bien
you dance very well
Ella cocina muy mal
she cooks very bad
Alberto huele mal
alberto smells bad
Normalmente hablo poco, pero a veces hablo mucho.
Normally I speak a little, but at times I speak a lot.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
8 El Gerundio - Present Participle
Present participles are formed by dropping the ar/er/ir endings and adding -ando for -ar ending verbs
and -iendo for -er and -ir ending verbs.
Cantar
Cantando
Comer
comiendo
Sonreir
Sonriendo
The present progressive (el progresivo) is formed with the present participle.
It is used to describe the present, but compared to the present tense expresses more immediacy.
Yo estoy jugando con mis canicas.
I'm playing with my marbles.
Hoy, yo juego canicas.
Today, I play marbles.
Él está manejando un taxi.
He is driving a taxi.
Él maneja un taxi.
He drives a taxi..
9 El Participio Pasado - Past Participle
The past participle is formed by dropping the ar/er/ir ending and adding -ado for -ar ending verbs
and -ido for -er and -ir ending verbs.
Rezar
hablar
Rezado
hablado
prayed
spoken
comer
comido
eaten
vivir
vivido
lived
En algunos casos se asigna un acento en la letra I de algunos verbos que terminan en er o ir
AcentoAccents marks are placed over the i of some of the er/ir verbs
caer
caído
fallen
leer
leído
read
There are also irregular forms – Formas regulares:
escribir
escrito
written
decir
dicho
said
descubrir
descubierto
discovered
cubrir
cubierto
closed
hacer
hecho
Done
abrir
abierto
opened
El pasado participio se usa para describir la naturaleza o estado de cosas
Past participles are used to describe the nature or states of things.
La caja está abierta.
The box is open.
La puerta está cerrada.
The door is closed.
Marcos está dormido.
Marcos is asleep.
Esta es una carta escrita a mano.
This is a hand written letter.
El caso está cerrado.
The case is closed.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
10 Las Preposiciones - Prepositions
When a person is the direct object of a verb. That person's name is always preceded by an a .
Alimentamos a un venado.
We feed a deer.
Tú ayudas a Sandra.
You help Sandra.
El viaja a Brazil.
He travels to brazil.
The a isn't used after tener .
Tengo un amigo alegre.
I have a happy friend.
When a pronoun is an object of a preposition, normally a subject pronoun should be used.
Guillermo está sentado entre él y ella.
Guillermo is seated between him and her.
Elena no puede tener éxito sin nosotros.
Elena can't be successful without us.
Using forms- mí and tí .
La maestra esta cerca de ti y el director.
The teacher is close to you and the principal.
Alejate de mi. Go away from me.
In all other cases subject pronouns are used.
Mi madre está con ella.
My mother is with her
Nosotros estamos con ellos.
We are with them.
Uso del Con . In the first and second person singular forms,
the preposition and pronoun combine and you get conmigo and contigo .
Mi hermano está conmigo.
My brother is with me.
Dios está contigo.
God is with you.
La tia está con él.
The aunt is with him.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
11 Por y Para
POR Through
Pasamos por el rio.
We went through the river.
Caminamos por el parque.
We walk through the park.
Imprecise location - Locaciones no especificas
Mis zapatos están por aquí.
My shoes are around here.
Esta niña esta por allí.
This girl is around there.
Duration Duracion
Por cinco años he trabajado en la misma empresa
For five years I have been worked in the same company.
Por ahora, no puedo ayudarte.
For the moment, I can’t help you.
Por ahora esperare un poco
For the moment, I will wait a little.
In exchange
Cambio mis libros por juguetes.
I change my books for toys.
Se cambia esto por aquello
Change this for that
For / In place of
No puedo hacer nada por ti.
I can’t do much for you.
Lo hare por ti
I will do it for you.
Contestare el telefono por mi hermano que esta ocupado.
I will answer the phone for my brother, he is busy.
On account of/because of
Vamos por boulevard manejando.
We're going driving by the boulevard.
Gracias por llegar temprano.
Thanks for being early.
Por eso tienes Dolor.
Because of that you have pain.
Ganamos ese premio por haber practicado muy bien.
We won that price for being practicing very well.
By
El desayuno ha sido preparado por mi.
The breakfast was made by me.
La enseñanza es dada por los mejores maestros.
The teaching is given by the best teachers.
Por is also used heavily in expressions.
Por lo visto, no has dormido bien.
Apparently, you have not slept well.
Por lo menos, tu aun no te casas.
At least you're not married yet.
PARA
Destinations - Destinos
Vamos para la playa.
Let's go to the beach.
Se van a ir de vacaciones.
They are leaving for vacations.
Ustedes van a la iglesia cada domingo.
You go to the church every Sunday.
For/deadline
Para cuando te casas?
When are you going to get married?
Para cuando regresas a casa?
When are you coming back home?
Action directed toward a goal
Trabajo para vivir mejor con mi familia.I work in order to have a better life with my family.
Object directed toward a goal or recipient
Esta casa es para mi hijo.
This house is for my son.
Esta lampara me sirve para alumbrar mi camino.
This lamp is useful for lighting my road.
Este auto es para el director.
This car is for the director.
Este dinero es para comprar mi casa
This money is for buying my house.
Statements starting with Para:
Para ser tu primer dia de trabajo, lo haces muy bien. For a first day job, you do it very well.
Para ser principiante, lo haces muy bien For being a beginner you are doing it very well.
12 Las Preguntas - Questions
Typically, yes/no questions are formed by ending the sentence with rising intonation.
¿Sabes manejar?
Do you know how to drive?
Si
No
Si, soy un experto
Yes, I am an expert
No
No
Para nada
Not at all
Mas o menos
More or less
The subject and verb can be inverted. This is rather formal.
Sabe el niño cantar?
Does the kid knows how to sing?.
Ha tomado el bebe su leche?
Has the baby drunk his milk?
Tag words like verdad or no are often added to the end of questions.
Usted es el dueño de esta casa, verdad?. You are the owner of this house, true?
¿Cómo?
How?
¿Cómo estas?
How are you?
¿ Cómo está el abuelo?
How is the grandfather?
¿Cómo se arregla eso?
How do you fix that?
¿Cómo es tu trabajo?
How is your job?
¿ Cómo te va en tu empresa?
How are you doing at your company?
¿Cómo se llama tu padre?
What is your father’s name?
¿Qué?
What?
¿Qué estas comprando?
What are you buying?
¿Qué es eso que preguntaste?
What did you ask for?
¿Qué tomas?
What are you drinking?
¿Qué quieres comer?
What do you like to eat?
¿Qué haces?
What are you doing?
¿Qué comes?
What are you eating?
¿Qué estas mirando?
What are you watching?
¿En qué piensas?
What are you thinking about?
When ask someone to choose from a set of objects or possibilities use cuál .
¿Cuál?, Cuáles?
Which? Which ones?
¿Cual es tu favorito?
Which one do you like?
¿Cuáles son las canciones que te gustan?
Which are the songs that you like?
¿Cuál es la comida que te gusta?
Which is the food that you like?
¿Cuáles quieres?
Which ones do you want?
Qué are used for: What? Que is always used when you are asking about something,
or asking for a definition.
¿Qué es aquello?
What is that?.
¿Que es un paradigma?
What a paradigm is?.
¿Que es eso que celebran?
What is that that you celebrate?.
Cuál is equivalent to What, when asking for specific information and
when followed by the verb: Ser
¿Cuál es tu codigo postal?
What is your zip code?
¿Cuál es tu numero de telefono?
What is your phone number?
¿Cuál es tu pais?
What is your country?
Qué is equivalent to Which, when followed directly by a noun.
¿Qué carrera quieres estudiar?
Which career do you want to study?
¿Qué auto compraras?
Which car are you going to buy?
¿Qué ropa te gusta usar?
Which clothe do you like to use?
Qué is also used in making exclamations.
Qué milagro!
What a micracle!
Que bello dia!
What a beautiful day!
Qué pena!
How embarrassing!
Qué atrevido!
How intrepid!
Qué alivio!
What a release!
¿Cuándo?
When?
¿Cuándo comemos juntos?
When are we going to eat?
¿Cuándo compraras mi auto?
When will you buy my car?
When asking about the time when something will occur.
¿A qué hora es la junta?
What time is the meeting?
¿A que hora vas a comer?
What time are you going to eat?
¿A que te dedicas?
What do you do?
¿Por qué sabe mucho ella?
Why does she knows a lot?.
¿Por qué comes de prisa?
Why do you eat in the hurry?.
¿Por qué me quieres?
Why do you love me?.
¿Porque te enojas?.
Why do you get angry?.
¿Quién?
Who?
¿Quién es?
Who is it?
¿Quiénes son?
Who are they?
¿Quién me ayuda hoy?
Who help me today?
¿A quién le importa?
Who cares?
¿Quién puede correr rapido?
Who can run fast?.
¿Dónde?
Where?
¿Dónde vive tu amigo?
Where does your friend lives?
¿Dónde está Juan?
Where is John?
¿Cuánto?
How Much?
¿Cuánto cuesta?
How much does it cost?
¿Cuánto pagas?
How much do you pay?
¿Cuánto mides?
How tall are you?
¿Cuántos?
How Many?
¿Cuántos libros tienes?
How many books do you have?
¿Cuántas sillas hay en el cuarto?
How many chairs are in the room?
When something does something to itself, a reflexive pronoun is used. The reflexive pronouns are
exactly like the direct object pronouns except for the third person singular and plural forms.
Yo plancho la ropa.
I iron clothes
Él se prepara un desayuno.
He prepares a breakfast.
Ella peina su cabello.
She combs her hair.
Él se cepilla los dientes.
He brushes his teeth.
Él levanta las pesas.
He lifts the weights.
Reflexive pronouns are also used when a reflexive relationship does not certainly exist.
In these situations the pronouns serve to distinguish the verbs from the transitive forms:
Daniela se va de vacaciones con Samuel.
Daniela go on vacation with Samuel.
El policia acuso a Miguel y Martha.
The police accused to Miguel and Martha.
Ellos se meten a nadar en el rio.
They swim in the river.
La estudiante paga a su maestro.
The student pays to his teacher.
Reflexive pronouns are also used when two entities do things to each others.
Hector y Jaime se pelean.
Hector and Jaime fight.
Gustavo y Ana se casaron.
Gustavo and Ana got married.
Aurora y Carlos se burlan de mi.
Aurora and Carlos laugh at me.
Juan y Sonia se entienden
John and Sonia understand themselves.
14 Los Mandatos - Commands
Affirmative Commands - commandos afirmativos
Apurate a comer
Hurry up to eat!.
Prepara la cena
Prepare dinner!
Contesta el telefono
Answer the phone!.
Maneja mi auto!.
Drive my car!.
Come!
Eat!
Habla fuerte!.
Speak up!.
For affirmative commands, object pronouns trail the verb.
Camina!
Walk!
Empuja!
Push!
Grita!
Shout!
Imprime!
Print!
There are a several informal irregular forms.
ir
Ve!
Go!
ser
Sé!
Be!
decir
Di!
Tell!
poner
Pon!
Put!
hacer
Haz!
Do!
salir
Sal!
Leave!
venir
Ven!
Come!
tener
Ten!
Have!
Llegue a tiempo!
Be on time!
Hazlo!
Do it!
Di lo.
Tell it.
Sirve el café!.
Serve coffe!.
Sientate aqui
Sit down here.
Compras los tomates
Buy the tomatoes.
Ten cuidado.
Be careful!
Haz ejercicio!
Exercise!
Telling someone what not to do informally:
Use the second person subjunctive conjugation.
No hagas ruido.
Don’t make noise.
No llores.
Don't cry.
No me hables.
Don't talk to me.
No grites.
Don't shout.
Use of the Formal: Usted commands. The subjunctive is used both for affirmative and
non affirmative formal commands.
Lave los platos.
Do the dishes
Maneje rapido.
Drive fast.
Tome el dinero.
Take the money.
No me olvide.
Don't forget me.
Llameme.
Call me.
Cierre la puerta.
Close the door.
Venga aqui.
Come here.
It is better to ask politely someone to do something rather than to order them around.
To do this let’s use the conditional form: could
Podrías prestarme mas atencion?
Could you give me more attention?.
Podrías llamar por telefono a mi madre?.
Could you callby phone to my mother?.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
15 EL Tiempo - Tense
El Pasado - Past
The preterite is used to report activities that have finished.
Samuel corrio el maraton.
Samuel run the marathon.
Compramos frutas y verduras
We bought fruits and vegetables
Caminamos todo el dia
We walked all day.
El anciano comio mucho ayer.
The old man ate a lot yesterday.
Hector trabajo duro el año pasado
Hector worked hard last year.
El perro ladro mucho
The dog barked a lot.
16 Los Pasivos - Passives
With passive sentences, what is important is that which was done.Who or what did it need not be
mentioned.
Los anuncios fueron cancelados por Mario.
The ads were canceled by Mario.
La playa fue cubierta por el mar.
The beach was covered by the sea.
El bote fue destruido por las grandes olas.
The boat was destroyed by the big waves.
The passive aboves were formed by moving the object to where the subject was, using a form of Ser ,
and following everything with a past participle.
When used in this way it is known as an impersonal Se .
Se aplican restricciones.
Restrictions apply.
Se reparan radios.
We repair radios.
Se habla chino.
Chinese is spoken.
Los Accidentes - Accidents
A special construction is used to express accidents, impersonal Se + indirect pronoun
(referring to the “victim” of the accident) + verb.
Se te quemo la sopa.
You burned the soup.
Se me ensucio mi vestido.
My dress was dirty
Al maestro se le olvido su libro.
The teacher forgot his book.
A mi hermano se le perdio un billete.
My brother lost his bill.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
17 El Subjuntivo - Subjunctive
The subjunctive expresses a reality that isn't concrete- what someone wants to happen or
what might happen.
Me gustaría que estemos en la fiesta?.
I would like that we be at the party.
Quiero que escuches la radio.
I would like that you listen to the radio
In some cases, the subjunctive will appear only in subordinate phrases- phrases introduced
by the relative pronoun Que. However, just because a verb is in a subordinate phrase
doesn’t mean it has to be a subjunctive. Expressing reality:
Es verdad que Carlos habla frances.It's true that Carlos speaks French?.
Querer y Me gustaria
Giving orders, prohibiting something, or any other way where some desire is expressed.
Su deseo es que su esposo gane mucho dinero.Her wishes is that her husband earn a lot of money.
El empresario admite en que el tiene la culpa.The business man admits that he is guilty.
The subjunctive is also used when there is suggestions or surprise made about something.
Es bueno que aprendas a hablar ingles pronto.It's good that you learn to speak English soon.
Su amigo sugiere que se casen pronto.His friend suggests that they get married soon.
Que bueno que has llegado temprano
How good that you arrived early.
Que increible que este lloviendo.
How incredible that it is raining.
Indice General Indice Vocabulario Indice Gramatica
When something does something to itself, a reflexive pronoun is used. The reflexive pronouns are exactly like the direct object pronouns except for the third person singular and plural forms.
Yo plancho la ropa.
I iron the cloth.
Él se prepara un desayuno.
He prepares a breakfast.
Ella peina su cabello.
She combs her hair.
Él se cepilla los dientes.
He brushes his teeth.
Él levanta las pesas.
He lifts the weights.
Reflexive pronouns are also used when a reflexive relationship does not certainly exist. In these situations the pronouns serve to distinguish the verbs from the transitive forms:
Daniela se va de vacaciones con Samuel.
Daniela go on vacation with Samuel.
El policia acuso a Miguel y Martha.
The police accused to Miguel and Martha.
Ellos se meten a nadar en el rio.
They swim in the river.
La estudiante paga a su maestro.
The student pays to his teacher.
Reflexive pronouns are also used when two entities do things to each others.
Hector y Jaime se pelean.
Hector and Jaime fight.
Gustavo y Ana se casaron.
Gustavo and Ana got married.
Aurora y Carlos se burlan de mi.
Aurora and Carlos laugh at me.
Juan y Sonia se entenden
John and Sonia understand themselves.
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